Interpreting and forecasting accounts using International Financial Reporting Standards

By Nick Antill and Kenneth Lee and Deborah Taylor

Revised and updated.

The influence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on accounting across the world is stronger than ever. Most importantly, this stems from the mandatory adoption of IFRSs in many parts of the world, including Europe, Canada, Australia, Brazil and, with some relatively small exceptions, China. Additionally, foreign registrants in the US are also permitted to use IFRS by the SEC. The impact of IFRSs also extends to accounting developments as the IASB and the FASB work closely together to formulate new standards such as those recently issued on leasing and revenue recognition. It is clear that investors, analysts and valuers need to understand financial statements produced under IFRS to feed in to their valuations and broader investment decisions.

Written by practitioners for practitioners, the book addresses valuation from the viewpoint of the analyst, the investor and the corporate acquirer. It starts with valuation theory: what is to be discounted and at what discount rate? It explains the connection between standard methodologies based on free cash flow and on return on capital. And it emphasizes that, whichever method is used, accurate interpretation of accounting information is critical to the production of sensible valuations. The authors argue that forecasts of cash flows imply views on profits and balance sheets, and that non-cash items contain useful information about future cash flows – so profits matter.

The book addresses the implications for analysis, modelling and valuation of key aspects of IFRS, all updated for recent developments, including:

– Pensions
– Stock options
– Derivatives
– Provisions
– Leases
– Revenue recognition
– Foreign currency

The text also sets out the key differences between IFRS and US GAAP treatments of these issues, in addition to their implications for analysis.

A detailed case study is used to provide a step-by-step valuation of an industrial company using both free cash flow and economic profit methodologies. The authors then address a range of common valuation problems, including cyclical or immature companies, as well as the specialist accounting and modelling knowledge required for regulated utilities, resource extraction companies, banks, insurance companies, real estate companies and technology companies. Accounting for mergers and disposals is first explained and then illustrated with a detailed potential acquisition.

After graduating in economics and politics, Nick began his career in the oil industry, working for BP and Saudi Aramco. He subsequently spent 16 years in the City of London as an equity investment analyst specialising in European energy companies, and as head of Morgan Stanley’s European oil and gas equity research team. Since 2000, he has been a director of an energy consultancy company, provided financial training mainly to investment bankers and has been retained as a consultant by the European equity research departments of two major investment banks. He has authored numerous articles, and a previous book (with Robert Arnott) entitled Valuing Oil and Gas Companies (Woodhead Publishing Ltd, 1994 and 2000).

Kenneth is a Professor in the Accounting and Finance research group of Loughborough Business school and the Director of Postgraduate Taught programmes. Prior to this he was an Associate Professorial Lecturer at the London School of Economics and Political Science, for five years. He is a member of the Capital Markets Advisory Committee (CMAC), a body supported by the IFRS Foundation, which interprets proposed accounting changes from the perspective of capital market participants.

Before academia Kenneth was a Managing Director & Head of European Equity Research at Barclays Capital, where he worked for eight years before leaving in August 2017 to take up a number of academic positions. He was also a Managing Director and a ranked accounting and valuation analyst at Citi Investment Research in London.

Kenneth graduated from Trinity College Dublin/Dublin Institute of Technology with a degree in Management Science. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants, a member of the Institute of Taxation, a CFA Charterholder and a fellow of the Higher Education Authority. He holds a doctorate from Aston Business School which focused on how analysts make stock recommendation decisions and has published in leading academic journals, including Contemporary Accounting Research, The British Accounting Review and European Management Review. In addition to co-authoring The Valuation Book, he has contributed to two other texts: Financial Statement Analysis Under IFRS (2018, Financial Edge); and Company Valuation Under IFRS (2020, Harriman House).

Deborah works as a professional trainer at Financial Edge, where she provides accounting, modelling and valuation training to investment banks.

Deborah’s move into professional training was relatively recent, having worked at Barclays until May 2019, where she was a Director in Equity Research and co-head of Sustainable and Thematic Investing. Deborah spent eight years at Barclays, focussing on accounting and valuation research whilst working with her co-author Kenneth, and where they were one of the top ranked teams in their sector. In the later years, Deborah had broadened her remit to include research on corporate governance issues, including corporate taxation and regulation.

Deborah is a Chartered Accountant, having qualified at Deloitte where she worked in the Financial Services audit division. Prior to training as an accountant, she graduated from the Queen’s College, Oxford University with a Master’s degree in Physics. She is also co-author of the book Financial Statement Analysis Under IFRS (Financial Edge, 2018).